One of the most popular traditional Japanese wind instruments is the shakuhachi. Better known as the Japanese flute, this instrument has been used by Zen Buddhists as a spiritual tool for meditation practices known as ‘suizen’ (吹禅).

Held vertically, the shakuhachi has four holes on the front and one on the back and is traditionally made of bamboo.

Used for meditative purposes, shakuhachi music was originally used for personal spiritual enlightenment rather than public performance.

Today, however, you can see monks play honkyoku, or traditional shakuhachi repertoire, in concert.

Regarded as the national instrument in Japan, a koto performance needs to be on your must-see list. The koto is a Japanese string instrument that is placed on the ground and plucked and is similar to the Korean gayageum and Chinese Zheng.

Traditionally, the koto comes in two varieties, a 13 -string type and a 17-string type. Now, you can find some with 20, 21, or 25 strings! The koto is very large — usually about 180 cm (about six feet!) long — and made of kiri wood.

The music made from the koto is said to be romantic. Notable koto artists include Yatsuhashi Kengyo, Tadao Sawai, and Kazue Sawai.

The island music of Japan is quite different than that of the Caribbean. The sanshin, a Japanese string instrument made with snakeskin from Okinawa, has more of a twang to it than the laidback beats you might normally associate with island life.

‘Sanshin’ translates to ‘three strings’, and this instrument has just that. You have the male string, the middle string, and the female string, with the male string producing the lowest notes and the female string producing the highest.

The sanshin is often compared to the banjo, but unlike the banjo, it is plucked. The sanshin can be heard in traditional Ryukyuan folk music or at graduations and other special ceremonies in Okinawa. Interestingly, sanshin scores use chinese characters as notes.

One of the most popular Japanese instruments today is the shamisen. The shamisen is a 3-string lute thought to be a variation of the Okinawan sanshin. While the neck of the shamisen is similar in length to that of a guitar, it has no frets.

During the Edo period, the shamisen was popularly used in traditional theater such as bunraku and kabuki, as well as accompanying vocal performances in styles such as Kouta, Jiuta, and Nagauta.

Today, shamisen has adapted and taken off. Modern shamisen players like the Yoshida Brothers have brought more personality to their music and style to bring shamisen music into the modern century. In fact, their song “Kodo” was seen in Nintendo Wii ads in North America in 2006.

Another Japanese instrument you need to hear is the biwa. The biwa is a short-necked lute played with a large plectrum known as a bachi.

Traveling biwa players known as biwa-hoshi were popular for some time. The music accompanied stories, the most renowned of which was The Tale of the Heike.

Used in gagaku (traditional Japanese court music) since 7th century, the instrument eventually lost popularity with the influx of modern music during the Meiji Era.

The biwa has many variations, but typically has three to five strings and four to six frets. The most famous is the satsuma biwa.

In recent years, musicians have tried to revitalize the Japanese string instrument by incorporating it into Western music. One such composer, Toru Takamatsu, incorporates the biwa into Western orchestral music with compositions like “November Steps”.

Arguably the most well-known Japanese instruments internationally are taiko drums. Taiko drums are the drums seen at many summer festivals in Japan and at Japanese culture ceremonies worldwide.

Wa-daiko (和太鼓), or Japanese drums, come in many sizes and shapes. One example is the tsuzumi, an hourglass-shaped rope tension drum. Another is the byo-uchi-daiko, a drum made out of a single piece of wood. The most dramatic taiko is the oo-daiko.

Oo-daiko are the large drums you see in the back of a taiko ensemble. You can see all of these drums used in a taiko drum ensemble, called kumi-daiko (組太皷), where each drum has a specific role and voiced calls help players coordinate. Also, you can try your hand at taiko; visit one of the many arcades in Tokyo to play Taiko no Tatsujin, or Taiko Drum Master, to play this traditional Japanese instrument to modern j-pop melodies.


Listening to traditional Japanese instruments can give you a whole new perspective on Japanese culture. These instruments have not only survived, but traditional Japanese music has adapted to to remain relevant in modern Japan. Be on the lookout for these six traditional Japanese instruments next time you visit Tokyo!